Te Pūtake me te Hītori Whakawhanaketanga Katoa o te Pūnaha Maukati me te Tapanga LOTO

Te Pūtake me te Hītori Whakawhanaketanga Katoa o te Pūnaha Maukati me te Tapanga LOTO
I. Te wāhanga o te whānautanga: Ngā Tikanga Haumaru ā-Iwi o Mua (Te tīmatanga o te rautau 20 – 1960)
I puta tuatahi mai te ariā "lockout tagout" i roto i te umanga rerewē.
I te mutunga o te rautau 19 ki te tīmatanga o te rautau 20, i te wā e whakatika ana ngā kaimahi tiaki rēriwe i ngā kokonga me ngā kāpata whakahaere tohu, ka rakahia e rātou ngā pouaka pana ki ngā raka, ka whakairihia hoki ngā tohu whakatūpato kua tuhia ā-ringa hei ārai i ētahi atu kei hē. Koinei te tauira tuatahi o te ariā Tagout + Simple Lock.
Ngā Whakatūpato Māmā o te Wheketere o Mua
Whai muri i te tere o te whanaketanga o te ahumahi, he maha ngā aituā pēnei i te kuru miihini me te ru hiko i te wā e whakatikatika ana i ngā hapa i roto i ngā awheawhe tā, kakahu, me ngā awheawhe miihini. Ko ngā rīpene pepa me ngā papa rakau anake i whakamahia e ngā umanga hei tohu whakatūpato hei whakamahara kia mutu te mīhini, engari kāore he taputapu raka tūturu, ā, he ngāwari noa te tango, te kore rānei e aro ki ngā tohu whakatūpato, ā, he maha ngā aituā i hua ake ai.
Te Tikanga Maukati Māmā a te Ahumahi i Tīmatahia e Ia Anō
I whakatakoto motuhake ētahi umanga hanga nui i ngā ture ā-roto: I mua i te tiaki, ka momotuhia te pana matua, ka raka te pana ki tētahi raka noa, engari kāore he paerewa kotahi, kāore he raka haumaru motuhake, kāore hoki he taputapu raka mō te tini tāngata. He mahi marara, kāore i te paerewa tēnei, ā, kāore i te hangaia he pūnaha paerewa.
II. Ka Whakatairangahia e te Ture te Wāhanga: Te Whakatairanga i te Ture mā roto i ngā Āhuatanga Whara e pā ana ki te Mahi i te Hononga o Amerika (1970 – 1988)
1. Te Tūāpapa Ture Taumata-runga: Te Ture Haumaru me te Hauora Mahi o te tau 1970
He mea ohorere ngā raraunga whara ahumahi i te United States i ngā tau 1960. I te tau 1970, ko te toharite o te mate o ngā kaimahi i te whenua katoa he 14,000 i puta mai i ngā whara e pā ana ki te mahi, ā, e miriona ngā whara kino. I taua tau anō, i hainatia e Nixon te Ture OSH, i whakatūria ai te OSHA – te Whakahaere Haumaru me te Hauora Mahi o te United States, e hoatu ana ki te kāwanatanga te mana ki te whakatinana i ngā ture haumaru wheketere. I roto i te wāhanga herenga whānui o te ture, i hiahiatia ngā umanga ki te whakahaere i te mōrearea o te whakaoho taputapu tūpono, engari kāore he ture LOTO motuhake.
2. Ngā Whakahau a te Uniana mō te Whakatūnga o ngā Paerewa Whakahau (Key Node i te tau 1979)
I roto i te umanga hanga waka, he tokomaha ngā kaimahi tiaki i mate nā te korenga i raka i ngā pūtake hiko, ā, i hē te tīmatanga o ngā taputapu. E 22 ngā aituā mate rite tonu i roto i te umanga waka anake. I tono te Uniana Kaimahi Waka Kotahi (UAW) ki a OSHA kia whakauruhia he paerewa ā-ture mō te wā ohorere hei whakahaere i te wehenga o te hiko morearea me te tukanga raka. Te Whakahaere Haumaru me te Hauora Mahi.
I whakaaetia e OSHA te tono, ā, i tukuna he tauira pānuitanga mō te paerewa LOTO i te tau 1980 i muri i te 8 tau o te rangahau, ngā whakarongo tūmatanui, me te tono whakaaro mai i ngā umanga. Nā ngā tatauranga pūnaha o neke atu i te 10,000 ngā whara mahi e pā ana ki te whakatikatika puta noa i te motu i whakaū ko te neke atu i te haurua o ngā aituā mate miihini i puta mai i te korenga ki te wehe i te pūngao morearea.
III. Te Whānautanga o te Paerewa Whaimana o te Ao: Te Whakatinanatanga o ngā Ture Whakahau a LOTO i te tau 1989
Te Tukunga o ngā Ture Matua
I te 1 o Hepetema, 1989, i whakapuakina mana e te OSHA te paerewa ā-motu 29 CFR 1910.147 "Mana Whakahaere Pūngao Morearea (rakautanga)". I whakatinanahia katoatia i te 2 o Hānuere, 1990. Koinei te pūnaha LOTO tuatahi e whai mana ana, e whai mana ture ana hoki i te ao, e tohu ana i te whakapai ake i te LOTO mai i ngā mahi marara ki tētahi tukanga haumaru ture-ture.
Auahatanga Matua Paerewa (Te Hanga i te Anga LOTO Hou)
Te wehewehe i waenga i ngā tohu whakatūpato ā-tinana mō te raka: He tohu āwhina noa iho ngā tohu whakatūpato, ā, me raka kaha ngā pana hiko me ngā kōhao raka;
Tautuhia he huinga katoa o ngā tikanga paerewa: Kati – Tapahia te pūngao – Tukuna te pūngao toenga – Raka-ā-ringa – Whakamātautau hei manatoko;
Whakapūmau i ngā Utauta Motuhake: Ngā raka haumaru whaiaro, ngā here roa (raka mō te tini tāngata), ngā raka whati ara iahiko, ngā raka takirere, ngā tohu whakatūpato, ngā teihana whakahaere raka pokapū; Ngā whakaritenga tino pakari mō te whakangungu, ngā tirotiro auau, te tiaki mō te tini tāngata me te pūnaha raka mō te kotahi tāngata, e whakakore katoa ana i te mōrearea o te wetewete wawe me te whakaoho e te kotahi tangata.
4. Te Whakawhanaketanga me te Whakawhanaketanga ā-Rohe o te Ao
Whai muri i te wā kotahi i Ūropi me te Hononga o Amerika
Kua whakaputahia e te Kotahitanga o Ūropi te aratohu haumaru mīhini 2009/104/EC, e whakauru katoa ana i te arorau wehewehe pūngao LOTO o OSHA, ā, e whakatinanahia ana te raka me te tohu-waho i roto i ngā wheketere o Ūropi; kua whakauruhia hoki e Kānata me Ahitereiria ngā ture haumaru ōrite i te wā kotahi.
Ka whakatinanahia e Haina ngā paerewa ā-motu, ā, ka whakatinanahia hoki
I muri i te tau 2000, ko ngā umanga nui o tāwāhi, ngā ahumahi matū, te hiko, me te motuka i Haina ngā tuatahi ki te whakauru i te whakahaere LOTO;
I te tau 2017, i tukuna te paerewa ā-motu GB/T 33579-2017 "Haumaru Mīhini - Ngā Tikanga mō te Whakahaere Pūngao Tūpono: Tagout Maukati", e whakauru ana i te LOTO ki ngā whakaritenga whakahau o te paerewa whakaputa haumaru ā-whare, me te hanga i tētahi mekameka haumaru ahumahi katoa me ngā whitiki roa, ngā raka whakahaere, me tētahi huinga katoa o ngā raka haumaru.
5. Te Kaupapa Matua o te Whānautanga o te Pūnaha
Kāore te pūnaha LOTO i hangaia noa iho; i hangaia mā te maha o ngā aituā mate i te wā o te tiaki, te whakatairanga i ngā uniana hokohoko, ngā ture a te kāwanatanga, me te whakarato i ngā taputapu paerewa:
E kore e taea te ārai i te mangere o te tangata mā te whakawhirinaki anake ki ngā whakamaharatanga ā-waha me ngā tohu pepa;
He mea tika kia whakawhirinaki ki ngā raka tinana hei hanga i tētahi arai e kore e taea te whiti;
I roto i ngā āhuatanga tiaki maha-tangata, mā te whakamahi i ngā raka poroporo roa ka tutuki te hononga, ka ārai i te tīmatanga tūpono;
Te teihana raka pokapū (Teihana Raka Whakahaere) hei otinga hei whakatika i ngā raruraru whakahaere o ngā taputapu marara me te urunga koretake, kia kore ai e taea e ngā kaimahi te peke i te tukanga raka.